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the ledger · 169 activations · 23 turning points

Every activation.

The whole corpus on one page, with the whole graph behind it. Narrow it by era, category or significance, search a name, and hover a row to find its node.

169 of 169

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  1. 1943A logical calculus of nervous activitytheory
  2. 1945The stored-program computerhardware
  3. 1948A mathematical theory of communicationtheory
  4. 1949Cells that fire together wire togethertheory
  5. 1950Programming a computer for playing chesstheory
  6. 1950Computing machinery and intelligencetheory
  7. 1951SNARC, the first neural network machinehardware
  8. 1956The Dartmouth workshop names the fieldculture
  9. 1956Logic Theorist proves its first theoremsmodel
  10. 1958Lisptheory
  11. 1958The perceptron learnstheory
  12. 1959Samuel's checkers program coins 'machine learning'model
  13. 1960ADALINE and the least-mean-squares ruletheory
  14. 1961Unimate, the first industrial robothardware
  15. 1963ARPA funds Project MACpolicy
  16. 1965DENDRAL, the first expert systemmodel
  17. 1965Moore's lawhardware
  18. 1966ELIZAproduct
  19. 1966Shakey, the first mobile robot that reasonshardware
  20. 1966The ALPAC report ends machine translation fundingpolicy
  21. 1967Nearest neighbour classificationtheory
  22. 1968HAL 9000culture
  23. 1969Perceptronstheory
  24. 1970Reverse-mode automatic differentiationtheory
  25. 1971SHRDLU understands a world of blocksmodel
  26. 1972Prologtheory
  27. 1973The Lighthill reportpolicy
  28. 1974MYCIN diagnoses infectionsmodel
  29. 1974Werbos applies backpropagation to neural networkstheory
  30. 1975Genetic algorithmstheory
  31. 1979AAAI is foundedculture
  32. 1979The Stanford Cart crosses a roomhardware
  33. 1980XCON goes into production at DECproduct
  34. 1980The Neocognitrontheory
  35. 1980Symbolics and the Lisp machine businesshardware
  36. 1982Self-organising mapstheory
  37. 1982Japan launches the Fifth Generation projectpolicy
  38. 1982The Hopfield networktheory
  39. 1983DARPA's Strategic Computing Initiativepolicy
  40. 1984Cyc sets out to write down common sensemodel
  41. 1984'AI winter' is namedculture
  42. 1984The Terminatorculture
  43. 1985The Boltzmann machinetheory
  44. 1985The Connection Machinehardware
  45. 1986ID3 and decision-tree learningtheory
  46. 1986Backpropagationtheory
  47. 1987The Lisp machine market collapsesculture
  48. 1987NETtalk learns to read aloudmodel
  49. 1987The first NIPS conferenceculture
  50. 1988Bayesian networkstheory
  51. 1988Temporal-difference learningtheory
  52. 1989ALVINN drives a van with a neural networkmodel
  53. 1989Q-learningtheory
  54. 1989The universal approximation theoremtheory
  55. 1989LeNet reads handwritten postcodesmodel
  56. 1990Finding structure in timetheory
  57. 1990Boosting: weak learners made strongtheory
  58. 1991The vanishing gradient problemtheory
  59. 1991The first Loebner Prizeculture
  60. 1992TD-Gammon reaches world-class backgammonmodel
  61. 1992The Fifth Generation project endspolicy
  62. 1994Chinook becomes checkers championculture
  63. 1995Support-vector machinestheory
  64. 1997Deep Blue beats Kasparovmodel
  65. 1997Long short-term memorytheory
  66. 1998PageRank and the anatomy of Googleproduct
  67. 1998MNIST and LeNet-5data
  68. 1999The first GPUhardware
  69. 2000ASIMO walkshardware
  70. 2001Wikipedia launchesdata
  71. 2001Random foreststheory
  72. 2002Roombaproduct
  73. 2003A neural probabilistic language modeltheory
  74. 2004MapReducehardware
  75. 2005Stanley wins the DARPA Grand Challengehardware
  76. 2006Deep belief networks and the word 'deep'theory
  77. 2006The Netflix Prizedata
  78. 2007CUDAhardware
  79. 2007Checkers is solvedculture
  80. 2009Deep learning moves to GPUstheory
  81. 2009ImageNetdata
  82. 2010Rectified linear unitstheory
  83. 2010DeepMind is foundedculture
  84. 2011Watson wins Jeopardy!model
  85. 2011Siri ships on the iPhoneproduct
  86. 2012Google Brain's network discovers catsmodel
  87. 2012Dropouttheory
  88. 2012AlexNet wins ImageNetmodel
  89. 2013Word2vectheory
  90. 2013Deep Q-networks play Atarimodel
  91. 2014Google buys DeepMindculture
  92. 2014Generative adversarial networkstheory
  93. 2014Superintelligenceculture
  94. 2014Attentiontheory
  95. 2014Sequence to sequence learningtheory
  96. 2014Adamtheory
  97. 2015Batch normalisationtheory
  98. 2015Diffusion modelstheory
  99. 2015TensorFlow is open-sourcedproduct
  100. 2015Residual networksmodel
  101. 2015OpenAI is foundedculture
  102. 2016AlphaGo beats Lee Sedolmodel
  103. 2016Tayculture
  104. 2016Google reveals the TPUhardware
  105. 2016WaveNetmodel
  106. 2016Google Translate goes neuralproduct
  107. 2017The Asilomar AI Principlespolicy
  108. 2017Attention is all you needtheory
  109. 2017Deep reinforcement learning from human preferencestheory
  110. 2017AlphaGo Zero learns from nothingmodel
  111. 2018GPT: generative pre-trainingmodel
  112. 2018BERTmodel
  113. 2018AlphaFold enters the protein-folding contestmodel
  114. 2019GPT-2 and the model too dangerous to releasemodel
  115. 2019The bitter lessonculture
  116. 2019The Turing Award goes to deep learningculture
  117. 2020Scaling laws for neural language modelstheory
  118. 2020GPT-3model
  119. 2020Denoising diffusion probabilistic modelstheory
  120. 2020Learning to summarise from human feedbacktheory
  121. 2020An image is worth 16×16 wordsmodel
  122. 2020AlphaFold 2 solves protein structure predictionmodel
  123. 2021CLIP and DALL·Emodel
  124. 2021On the dangers of stochastic parrotsculture
  125. 2021Anthropic is foundedculture
  126. 2021GitHub Copilot writes codeproduct
  127. 2022InstructGPTmodel
  128. 2022Chain-of-thought promptingtheory
  129. 2022Chinchilla: the models were undertrainedtheory
  130. 2022PaLMmodel
  131. 2022DALL·E 2model
  132. 2022Midjourney opens its betaproduct
  133. 2022Stable Diffusion is releasedmodel
  134. 2022Galactica lasts three daysculture
  135. 2022ChatGPTproduct
  136. 2023Bing's chatbot and 'Sydney'culture
  137. 2023LLaMA leaks and open weights take offmodel
  138. 2023Claudemodel
  139. 2023GPT-4model
  140. 2023'Pause Giant AI Experiments'culture
  141. 2023Hinton leaves Google to warn about AIculture
  142. 2023The US executive order on AIpolicy
  143. 2023The Bletchley Declarationpolicy
  144. 2023OpenAI fires and rehires its chief executiveculture
  145. 2023Geminimodel
  146. 2024Soramodel
  147. 2024Claude 3 catches GPT-4model
  148. 2024AlphaFold 3model
  149. 2024GPT-4o talksproduct
  150. 2024The EU AI Act enters into forcepolicy
  151. 2024o1 and reasoning modelsmodel
  152. 2024The Nobel Prizes go to neural networksculture
  153. 2024Claude learns to use a computerproduct
  154. 2024The Model Context Protocolproduct
  155. 2024DeepSeek-V3 trained for $5.6 millionmodel
  156. 2025DeepSeek-R1model
  157. 2025Claude 4 and Claude Codeproduct
  158. 2025Nvidia is worth four trillion dollarshardware
  159. 2025Gold at the Mathematical Olympiadculture
  160. 2025America's AI Action Planpolicy
  161. 2025GPT-5model
  162. 2025Gemini 3model
  163. 2025MCP is donated to the Agentic AI Foundationproduct
  164. 2026Claude Fable 5 and the Mythos classmodel
  165. 2026GPT-5.6: Sol, Terra and Lunamodel
  166. 2026A model escapes its sandboxculture
  167. 2026The EU delays its high-risk AI rulespolicy
  168. 2026Claude Fable 5.1model
  169. 2026GPT-6 Astramodel